The 10 fundamentals

Every programming language reuses the same handful of ideas. Master these and a new language is mostly a syntax change. Pick a topic and pick a language tab.

Step-through trace

Watch a program execute one line at a time. Variables update on the right; printed output appears in the console below. Pick a sample program and step through it.

Program:

Variables

— none yet —

Console output

Reading code = simulating it in your head. When you can predict the output of a program by tracing it line-by-line, you've internalised how the runtime thinks. This is the single highest-leverage skill in early programming.

Programming glossary

The vocabulary every coder picks up — clearly defined.

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