Geometry Theorems Math · Noduly
Lesson

Theorems are arguments you trust

A theorem is a statement that's been proven once and for all. The Pythagorean theorem is famous because it shows up everywhere — distances, navigation, computer graphics — and you only need a right triangle to use it.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c: a² + b² = c². The square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the legs.

Famous triples: 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17, 7-24-25.

Distance and midpoint

Distance: d = √((x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²) — Pythagoras in disguise.
Midpoint: ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2).

Triangle congruence

Two triangles are congruent if matching parts force every other part. Postulates: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL.

Special right triangles

45-45-90: sides in ratio 1 : 1 : √2.
30-60-90: sides in ratio 1 : √3 : 2.

Quick reference

Pythagorean
a² + b² = c²
Distance
√(Δx² + Δy²)
Midpoint
((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
Triangle area
½ × b × h
Heron's
√(s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c))
Trapezoid
½ × (b₁+b₂) × h
Sphere V
(4/3)πr³
Sphere SA
4πr²
Cone V
(1/3)πr²h
Cylinder V
πr²h
Pyramid V
(1/3) × b × h
Inscribed angle
½ × central angle

Hands-on tools

Drag the legs of a right triangle, slide a sphere's radius, or check distances on a grid.

Pythagorean theorem visualizer

The squares on the legs add up to the square on the hypotenuse.

3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5²

3D volume calculator

Pick a solid and slide the dimensions.

V = s³ = 4³ = 64

Coordinate distance walker

Pick two points on the grid. Distance shows the right triangle behind it.

d = √((5−1)² + (6−2)²) = √32 ≈ 5.66

Triangle congruence postulate matcher

For each scenario, pick which postulate proves the triangles congruent.

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Quiz

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Flashcards

Tap a card to flip. ← / → keys to navigate.

Hypotenuse
HypotenuseSide opposite the right angle; longest side of a right triangle.
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For teachers

Print-ready worksheet, answer key, teaching tips and standards alignment.

Teaching tips

    Standards alignment

      Reference

      Formula sheet

      Pythagorean
      a² + b² = c²
      Distance
      √((x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²)
      Midpoint
      ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
      Triangle area
      (1/2) × b × h
      Heron's formula
      √(s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c))
      Trapezoid area
      (1/2) × (b₁ + b₂) × h
      Circle
      C = 2πr · A = πr²
      Sphere
      V = (4/3)πr³ · SA = 4πr²
      Cylinder
      V = πr²h · SA = 2πr² + 2πrh
      Cone
      V = (1/3)πr²h
      Pyramid
      V = (1/3) × base × height
      45-45-90
      1 : 1 : √2
      30-60-90
      1 : √3 : 2
      Inscribed angle
      ½ × central angle
      Triangle inequality
      |a − b| < c < a + b

      Photo gallery

      Images sourced from Wikipedia.

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